Monetary Convergence between Canada and the United States: A Critique of the Official View
Case Synopsis
In this essay, Martin Coiteux takes on the conventional wisdom, promulgated most notably within the establishment of Canadian economists, that the U.S. and Canadian economies are simply too different to benefit from monetary convergence, and that monetary convergence is against Canada’s economic interests. He uses a variety of arguments – the convergence of interest rates, the relative stability of Canada’s commodity export prices, the “self-fulfilling prophecy” of Bank of Canada analyses – to provoke the reader a) into considering what underlying assumptions drive the conventional wisdom in Canada; and b) towards an unstated but clearly advocated “rational” evaluation of the choice to reject monetary convergence. In other words, Coiteux challenges supporters of a made-in-Canada only currency to come clean and make their political arguments, rather than hiding behind economic arguments which do not hold water.
Educational Objectives
This essay can serve as a jumping-off point for a classroom discussion/debate on the issue of currency – why monetary union has become the “gold standard” (so to speak) for regional integration, why it is such a politically fraught issue, and what variations of this policy option can be considered.
Teaching Plan
This piece is a good starting point for a structured debate on the issue of North American monetary union. Students could be split in two groups, pro and con, and analyze the arguments and counterarguments made regarding the viability of monetary convergence between the U.S. and Canada. They could then be charged to research the issue, and conduct an in-class debate with a written brief submitted as well.
Questions for Discussion
Here are a few discussion questions that might be relevant for a political science or political economy class:
- What choices did Europe make at similar historical junctures in its integration process? What options were considered, and how did the current system of adopting the Euro emerge?
- Europe is currently “widening” to admit more members, many of them poorer former Communist countries of Eastern Europe. How does this process compare with a possible inclusion of Mexico in a zone of common currency in North America?
- Why has the UK resisted adopting the Euro? Compare these reasons with Mexican and Canadian anxieties around dollarization. Are these concerns simply “irrational,” or do these political sensitivities over sovereignty have some basis in economic reality?
Relevant Courses
Although this article is somewhat technical and requires some background understanding of concepts such as relative prices, interest rate policy, and the role of commodities in an economy, the broader political implications of its argument make it a fine choice for introductory elective courses in International Political Economy, Globalization, or in Canada-U.S. Relations.
- International Political Economy: units on regional economic integration, and on monetary policy. Could be used to bridge these two units, as it discusses the question of how interest rates are set, and what constitutes a logical or economically-rational currency zone.
- Globalization: unit on “Whither the Nation-State in a Global Economy?” Here, one might use this piece to show how one partner in a highly-integrated regional economy continues to prize monetary autonomy, despite what the author shows to be weak economic reasons for doing so. This can lead to a discussion of how sovereignty and autonomy have been challenged by the global economy in the past decade, and why these issues have political power, in general and in particular national contexts (such as Canada’s).
- Canada-U.S. Relations: unit on monetary convergence, within a study of continentalization of the two economies. Can be paired with Stephen Clarkson’s Uncle Sam and Us: Globalization, Neoconservatism, and the Canadian State (University of Toronto Press, 2002), which examines how pressures for policy “convergence” in a number of issue areas can be viewed as touching on core values of the Canadian identity.
Useful Links from PNA
- A Canadian Perspective on North American Monetary Union
- Birth of a New Currency: The Policy Outlook after Monetary Union in Europe
- Challenges for a Postelection Mexico
- Does North America Need an Amero?
- Exchange-Rate Arrangements for NAFTA: Should We Mimic the EU?
- North American Monetary Union: A United States Perspective
- The Case for North American Monetary Union
- The Pros and Cons of North American Monetary Integration
Suggested Bibliography
Bennett, Drake (2007). "The Amero Conspiracy: Behind closed doors, a secret cabal is planning the end of the United States as we know it. Inside a paranoid vision for our time." The Boston Globe, November 25, Pg. D1.
Courchene, Thomas J. (1999). From Fixing to Monetary Union: Options for North American Currency Integration. Ottawa: C.D. Howe Institute.
Grubel, Herbet G. (1999). The Case for the Amero: The Economic and Politics of a North American Monetary Union. Vancouver: Fraser Institute.
Helleiner, Eric (2007). "Has parity killed monetary union?; With the loonie and greenback on equal footing, the prospects for a common currency just got dimmer." The Globe and Mail, September 25, Pg. A19.
Parguez, Alain, Mario Seccareccia and Claude Gnos (2003)."The Theory and Practice of European Monetary Integration: Lessons for North America," in Louis-Philippe Rochon and Mario Seccareccia, ed. Dollarization: Lessons from Europe and the Americas. New York: Routledge, pp. 48-69.
Salvatore, Dominick, James W. Dean and Thomas D. Willett, eds. (2003). The Dollarization Debate. New York: Oxford University Press.
From: Study Group on “Mapping the New North American Reality”
In cooperation with the Government of Quebec, the Government of Canada,
The Institute for Research on Public Policy (IRPP), and HEC-Montreal
Montreal, November 2003
Published in: Mapping the New North American Reality, IRPP Working Paper Series 2004-09m
http://www.irpp.org/wp/archive/NA_integ/wp2004-09m.pdf
Note: PNA is committed to encouraging intelligent discourse among our members. Comments are moderated by PNA, in accordance with the PNA Comment Policy. PNA does not necessarily endorse any of the views posted below.
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